Collaboration and Integration

Business to Business (B2B) is a professional organization of no-competing business owners, sales persons and professionals that meet weekly to exchange qualified business referrals and participate in cost-effective co-op advertising. B2B Transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions. B2B is also used in the context of communication and collaboration. The term was originally coined to describe the electronic communications between businesses or enterprises in order to distinguish it from the communications between businesses and consumers "business-to-consumer". It eventually came to be used in marketing as well, initially describing only industrial or capital goods marketing. Today it is widely used to describe all products and services used by enterprises. Many professional institutions and the trade publications focus much more on B2C than B2B, although most sales and marketing personnel are in the B2B sector.

Business to Employee (B2E) uses an intrabusiness network which allows companies to provide products and/or services to their employees. Typically, companies use B2E networks to automate employee-related corporate processes. The B2E portal is designed to include not only everything that an employee might hope to find on an intranet (such as a corporate directory, or customer support information), but also any personal information and links that the employee might want (such as stocks information, or even games). The intention is to increase not only efficiency, but also employee satisfaction and a sense of community within the organization.

Business to Consumer (B2C) a transaction that occurs between a company and a consumer, as opposed to a transaction between companies (called B2B). The term may also describe a company that provides goods or services for consumers.

Business to Government (B2G) is a derivative of B2B Marketing and often referred to as a market definition of "public sector marketing" which encompasses marketing products and services to various government levels - including federal, state and local - through integrated marketing communications techniques such as strategic public relations, branding, marcom, advertising, and web-based communications. B2G networks provide a platform for businesses to bid on government opportunities which are presented as solicitations in the form of RFPs in a reverse auction fashion. Public sector organizations (PSOs) post tenders in the form of RFPs, RFIs, RFQs,  Sources Sought, etc. and suppliers respond to them.

E-Commerce Hosting Issues :

Ecommerce is well beyond that and you have to ponder various issues that may emerge, specifically in the ecommerce environment. In the following section we have highlighted remedies to deal with few of the business issues in ecommerce.

Security & Privacy:
Ecommerce fraud is on a rise and visitors are very skeptical about revealing their financial details online.

Processing Capabilities:
The speed and accuracy of various processes that go in managing an ecommerce store are also very important.

Order Fulfillment:
the major task is to deliver the orders placed on your online store within defined timeframe and above all, as shown on your ecommerce storefront. And Allow users to track their orders online.

Successful order fulfillment is one of the necessities for any ecommerce store and should be given special attention. There are many other issues like legal laws, state economic barriers and governmental provisions that also needs to be accepted. Since Ecommerce is not limited to geographical boundaries, you should always be cautious that you do not over-step any legal and economic restrictions.

Posted By: Sarah Jean Icoy

Collaboration and Integration

Business-to-business (B2B

Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions between the businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-government (B2G). B2B (Business to Business) Branding is a term used in marketing. The volume of B2B (Business-to-Business) transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions. The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will be many B2B transactions involving sub components, or raw materials and only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the finished product to the end customer. For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions such as buying tires, glass for windscreens, and rubber hoses for its vehicles. The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to the consumer, is a single (B2C) transaction.

B2B is also used in the context of communication and collaboration. Many businesses are now using social media to connect with their consumers (B2C); however, they are now using similar tools within the business so employees can connect with one another. When communication is taking place amongst employees, this can be referred to as "B2B" communication.

The term was originally coined to describe the electronic communications between businesses or enterprises in order to distinguish it from the communications between businesses and consumers "business-to-consumer". It eventually came to be used in marketing as well, initially describing only industrial or capital goods marketing. Today it is widely used to describe all products and services used by enterprises. Many professional institutions and the trade publications focus much more on B2C than B2B, although most sales and marketing personnel are in the B2B sector.

Buying B2B products is much riskier. Usually, the investment sums are much higher. Purchasing the wrong product or service, the wrong quantity, the wrong quality or agreeing to unfavorable payment terms may put an entire business at risk. Additionally, the purchasing office / manager may have to justify a purchasing decision. If the decision proves to be harmful to the organization, disciplinary measures may be taken or the person may even face termination of employment.

In international trade, delivery risks, exchange rate risks and political risks exist and may affect the business relationship between buyer and seller.

Strong brands imply lower risk of using them. Some of them in detail:

Buying unfamiliar brands implies financial risks. Products may not meet the requirements and may need to be replaced at high cost.

There exists a performance risk as there might be something wrong with an unfamiliar brand.

When buying machinery or supplies for a company, peers may not approve the purchase of an unknown brand, thus posing a social risk

One of the characteristics of a B2B product is that in many cases it is bought by a committee of buyers. It is important to understand what a brand means to these buyers. (Note: Temporal) Buyers are usually well-versed with costing levels and specifications. Also, due to constant monitoring of the market, these buyers would have excellent knowledge of the products too. In many cases the purchases are specification driven. As a result of this, it is vital that brands are clearly defined and target the appropriate segment.

Business-to-B2E

B2E is business-to-employee, an approach in which the focus of business is the employee, rather than the consumer (as it is in business-to-consumer, or B2C) or other businesses (as it is in business-to-business, or B2B). The B2E approach grew out of the ongoing shortage of information technology (IT) workers. In a broad sense, B2E encompasses everything that businesses do to attract and retain well-qualified staff in a competitive market, such as aggressive recruiting tactics, benefits, education opportunities, flexible hours, bonuses, and employee empowerment strategies.

More specifically, the term "B2E" is frequently used to refer to the B2E portal (sometimes called a people portal, which is a customized home page or desktop for everyone within an organization. The B2E portal is sometimes considered to be synonymous with an intranet, but it differs in its focus on the employee's desires. The intranet's focus is the organization; the B2E portal focus is the individual. The B2E portal is designed to include not only everything that an employee might hope to find on an intranet (such as a corporate directory, or customer support information), but also any personal information and links that the employee might want (such as stocks information, or even games). The intention is to increase not only efficiency, but also employee satisfaction and a sense of community within the organization.

A B2E portal has three distinguishing characteristics:

A single point of entry: one URL for everyone within an organization.

A mixture of organization-specific and employee-defined components.

The potential to be highly customized and easily altered to suit the particular employee.

Corporations may develop their own portals or they may rely on the services of any of the large and growing number of B2E portal developers.

B2C

Business that sells products or provides services to end-user consumers.

While business-to-consumer activity exists both online and offline, the acronym B2C has primarily been used to describe the online variety.

B2C businesses played a large role in the rapid development of the commercial Internet in the 1990s. Large sums of venture capital flowed to consumers in the form of free online services and discounted shopping, spurring adoption of the new medium.

When the capital markets turned sour, however, the B2C companies were among the first to fall, and they fell fast. Many companies tried to follow the herd of investors by undergoing a B2C to B2B makeover.

For awhile after the .com bubble, B2C was used infrequently except when it was followed by "…is dead." However, some analysts still predicted that consumer businesses would thrive online, just not in the way everyone initially predicted.

Business-to-government (B2G)

Business-to-government (B2G) is a derivative of B2B marketing and often referred to as a market definition of "public sector marketing" which encompasses marketing products and services to various government levels - including federal, state and local - through integrated marketing communications techniques such as strategic public relations, branding, advertising, and web-based communications.

B2G networks provide a platform for businesses to bid on government opportunities which are presented as solicitations in the form of RFPs in a reverse auction fashion. Public sector organizations (PSOs) post tenders in the form of RFPs, RFIs, RFQs, Sources Sought, etc. and suppliers respond to them.

Government agencies typically have pre-negotiated standing contracts vetting the vendors/suppliers and their products and services for set prices. These can be state, local or federal contracts and some may be grandfathered in by other entities.

There are multiple social platforms dedicated to this vertical market and they have risen in popularity with the onset of a Program and increased government funds available to commercial entities for both grants and contracts.

E-commerce hosting and issue:

Speed - The speed of the server is definitely one of the larger issues that need to be covered for e-commerce.  The server speed must be able to accommodate large numbers of users while providing adequate speed for e-commerce dealings that occur on the website.  A slow server can cause problems with orders and can easily cause more problems if the server continuously times out for customers which may then leave the website and lose sales.

Operating System - The operating system is important for two main reasons being cost and ease of use.  Although Windows is very simple to use, it costs a lot to use on a server.  Linux is relatively free and is available with most hosting services for a much lower price but it is difficult to learn for a completely new user.

Flexibility - Flexibility on how the server can be set up is also important.  Being able to choose the options which allow for the highest performance is important when hosting an e-commerce website through a server.  Flexibility must be able to meet the requirements for your website to ensure the best match with the site.

Security - E-commerce websites are known to be well protected.  If the hosting service cannot protect the website or a portion of the backend to prevent hackers and damaging software such as viruses or malware from getting in, customer information through the e-commerce website can be compromised and cause damages.  The importance of security is not a simple issue to dismiss and must be done correctly by choosing the most secure options for the website while making the necessary changes that will help to provide the best safety for the website.

Solutions/Support - Support and solutions for problems with the website need to be handled as soon as possible.  Websites that are down or have problems will lose customers.  Customers are essential to e-commerce type websites so that they can earn revenue and continue to function.  Support can be done through the hosting service to help fix issues with the server and other possible issues that can cause loss of sales and other serious problems for the e-commerce website.

Choosing the correct server for an e-commerce hosting plan can be done by weighing out the options that are available and choosing one that offers the most benefits.  An e-commerce website needs to have a near perfect uptime and would more than likely need a dedicated server to help ensure that access is not cut off very often.  The server needs to have the highest forms of security and the flexibility that allows it to be put together and working in the best way possible for e-commerce.

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Posted by;

 Tampon, Mirasol

COLLABORATION AND INTEGRATION

B2B (BUSINESS TO BUSINESS) The b2b business sells products or the services to other business. It describes the commerce transactions between the businesses between the wholesaler and the retailer. Now a days we use our social media or our website to sells our products or services by online. Example: Grainger.com sells industrial supplies to large and small business through its website

 (B2E) Business-to-employee The B2E business is such an electronic commerce that uses an business network to allows the companies to provide the products or services for their employees. Example: The online insurance policy management for the employees, corporate announcements and other related between the company and their employee.
 B2C (Business-To-Consumer) The B2C this business for the transaction that occurs between the company and the consumer. The B2C it describes the company that provides the goods or services for the consumers. The B2C it tells all about the transaction between the businesses to the consumer. It shows the relation between the business and ether the consumers.
 (B2G) Business-to-government The B2G the businesses sell goods or services to governments and government agencies. The B2G provides a platform for businesses to bid on government opportunities which shows as the solicitations for the form. Example: CA Gov. Procurement site allows businesses to sell online to the state of California. Ecommerce allows consumers to electronically exchange goods and services with no barriers of time or distance. Electronic commerce has expanded rapidly over the past five years and is predicted to continue at this rate, or even accelerate. In the near future the boundaries between "conventional" and "electronic" commerce will become increasingly blurred as more and more businesses move sections of their operations onto the Internet. Business to Business or B2B refers to electronic commerce between businesses rather than between a business and a consumer. B2B businesses often deal with hundreds or even thousands of other businesses, either as customers or suppliers. Carrying out these transactions electronically provides vast competitive advantages over traditional methods. When implemented properly, ecommerce is often faster, cheaper and more convenient than the traditional methods of bartering goods and services. Electronic transactions have been around for quite some time in the form of Electronic Data Interchange or EDI. EDI requires each supplier and customer to set up a dedicated data link (between them), where ecommerce provides a cost-effective method for companies to set up multiple, ad-hoc links. Electronic commerce has also led to the development of electronic marketplaces where suppliers and potential customers are brought together to conduct mutually beneficial trade. The road to creating a successful online store can be a difficult if unaware of ecommerce principles and what ecommerce is supposed to do for your online business. Researching and understanding the guidelines required to properly implement an e-business plan is a crucial part to becoming successful with online store building. E- Commerce Options and Issues

 E- COMMERCE means shopping on the part of the internet. It also known as buying and selling of products or services in the internet. The E- Commerce has a four category: B2B, B2E, B2C, and B2G. The E- commerce also has an advantage and dis advantage. 

 ADVANTAGE: - E- Commerce can increase sales and decrease costs. - E- Commerce increases sales opportunities for the seller, it increasing purchasing opportunities for the buyer. - E- Commerce uses for identifying the new suppliers and business partners, negotiating price and delivery terms. 

 DISADVANTAGE: - Stem from the uniqueness and rapidly developing for the technologies. - This advantage will disappear as e- commerce matures and becomes more available. 

 POSTED BY: ALYSSA MARIE P. GABI

MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

MANUFACTURING SYSTEM

The manufacturing system is the method of organizing production. Many types of manufacturing systems are in place, including assembly lines, batch production and computer-integrated manufacturing. This system is for the nature and resources for the considerable variations that occurs the cross nationally levels for the manufacturing and for the wider industrial- economic growth, competitiveness and attractiveness for the foreign direct.

PRODUCT DATA MANAGEMENT

The Product data management is the use of software or other tools to track and control the data related to a particular product. The data tracked it usually involves the technical specifications of the product, specifications for manufacture and development, and the types of materials that will be required to produce goods. The use of product data management allows a company to track the various costs associated with the creation and launch of a product. Product data management is part of product life cycle management, and is primarily used by engineers. It will serves as a central knowledge repository for process and product history, and promotes integration and data exchange among all business users who interact with products — including project managers, engineers, sales people, buyers, and quality assurance teams.

SHOP FLOOR MANAGEMENT 

    The Shop Floor Management Systems have been becoming increasingly in more affordable as more manufactures begin to implement these systems.  They are quickly becoming more of a necessity than an option.  Many small and medium sized manufacturers are beginning to explore the feasibility of using such systems.  Once they begin to understand how these systems work they begin doing the preliminary preparation work and process modifications necessary to economically and efficiently implement this technology. 

QUALITY MANAGEMENT

The Quality Management has a specific meaning within many business sectors. This specific definition, which does not aim to assure 'good quality' by the more general definition, but rather to ensure that an organization or product is consistent, can be considered to have four main components: quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. Quality management is focused not only on product/service quality, but also the means to achieve it. Quality management therefore uses quality assurance and control of processes as well as products to achieve more consistent quality.

Advanced Planning Systems

            The Advanced Planning Systems are strongly related to the concept of Supply Chain Management that focuses on the system-wide optimization of production and logistics. They extend the capabilities of the widely used Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems which provide only very limited planning support. Traditional planning and scheduling systems (such as MRP, or manufacturing resource planning) apply a successive planning procedure that is easy to understand but that neglects capacities and usually does not produce feasible plans. For a practical planner it is often not clear, what these APS really do, as the specific type of planning model and the solution algorithm used to solve a practical problem in general are not transparent. This site provides more information about planning problems that are currently supported or should be supported by Advanced Planning Systems. However, the scope of this site is not limited to APS.

COST ACCOUNTING

The Cost accounting is regarded as the process of collecting, analyzing, summarizing and evaluating various alternative courses of action involving costs and advising the management on the most appropriate course of action based on the cost efficiency and capability of the management. The organizations and managers are most of the times interested in and worried for the costs. The control of the costs of the past, present and future is part of the job of all the managers in a company. In the companies that try to have profits, the control of costs affects directly to them. Knowing the costs of the products is essential for decision-making regarding price and mix assignation of products and services.

POSTED BY: ALYSSA MARIE GABI

MANUFACTURING SYSTEM

Product Data Management

This is the way of controlling the data that associated to the particular products. Each data are usually the industrial specifications of the product, the used of data management allows a company to trail the various cost with association of a product. The product data management is focus is on organization and tracking the creation, vary and achieve of all information that based on the product. The information being stored and manage will include engineering data such as computer-aided design (CAD) models, drawings and their associated documents.

Product data management is also serves as a middle awareness store for procedure and product history, and promotes assimilation and data exchange among all business users who interact with products — including project managers, engineers, sales people, buyers, and quality assurance teams that used this system. It will have the information on the data by

* Part number

* Part description

* Supplier/vendor

* Vendor part number and description

* Unit of measure

* Cost/price

* Material data sheets

To track and manage all changes to the product that accelerate return on the investment with easy setup by the data management system it could spend less organizing and tracking design of data. It also a subset of a larger concept of product life cycle management .encompasses the processes needed to launch new products

Shop Floor Management Solution

The shop floor management is a solution provides comprehensive, real-time management of shop floor activities. The foundation of a shop floor management solution is the database, which manages information captured from a range of devices, such as bar code scanners, test equipment, operators PC’s, and equipment using PLC communication and monitoring. With relentless overseas competition and continued economic pressure, many mid-market and smaller companies are seeking shop floor management solutions to improve customer satisfaction, reduce scrap and rework, and streamline processes for efficiency.

Customer satisfaction – A shop floor management solution can increase customer satisfaction by predicting task completion to ensure on time delivery performance, improve support operations leading to customer delivery, such as transportation and logistics and accurate billing, and enable companies to respond quickly to different tracking and reporting requirements.

The shop floor management solution monitor can pull real-time information on defects per inspections and first pass yields, analyze quality control performance against standards, and display progress goals for defect minimization and other production metrics. A shop floor management system that integrates with maintenance applications and inventory management applications will support efficient scheduling of maintenance and downtime and better control of work in process inventory. It also has the potential to provide better visibility and timely information to assist shop floor supervisors manage their production responsibilities, track employee productivity, assess adherence to defined production processes, and allow managers to take steps to increase process maturity level. Develop shop floor management solution that could track and present dashboards in real time for defects per millions of inspections, first pass yields, and model costs for non-conformance.

Quality Management System (QMS)

A quality management system (QMS) can be expressed as the organizational structure, procedures, processes and resources needed to implement quality management. Early systems emphasized predictable outcomes of an industrial product production line, using simple statistics and random sampling. By the labor inputs were typically the most costly inputs in most industrialized societies, so focus shifted to team cooperation and dynamics, especially the early signaling of problems via a continuous improvement cycle. In the Quality Management System has tended to converge with sustainability and transparency initiatives, as both investor and customer satisfaction and perceived quality is increasingly tied to these factors. We have a elements of a Quality Management System that well lead us for the perfectly of understanding of QMS those are the. Organizational structure, Responsibilities, Data Management, Processes - including purchasing, Resources - including natural resources and human capital, Customer Satisfaction, Continuous Improvement, Product Quality, Maintenance, Sustainability - including efficient resource use and responsible environmental operations and the last one is Transparency and independent audit.

This natural Step, focus on sustainability issues and assume that other quality problems will be reduced as result of the systematic thinking, transparency, documentation and diagnostic discipline that sustainability focus implies. See sustainability for more on this approach to quality management.

Advanced planning

Advanced planning and scheduling also referred to as APS and advanced manufacturing it refers to a manufacturing management process by which raw materials and production capacity are optimally allocated to meet demand. APS is especially well-suited to environments where simpler planning methods cannot adequately address complex trade-offs between competing priorities. Production scheduling is intrinsically very difficult due to the about factorial dependence of the size of the solution space on the number of items/products to be manufactured.

Traditional planning and scheduling systems is such as Manufacturing resource planning that utilize a stepwise procedure to allocate material and production capacity. This approach is simple but unwieldy, and does not readily adapt to changes in demand, resource capacity or material availability. Materials and capacity are planned separately, and many systems do not consider limited material availability or capacity constraints. Thus, this approach often results in plans that cannot be executed. However, in spite of attempts to shift to the new system, attempts have not always been successful, which has called for the combination of management philosophy with manufacturing system.

Unlike previous systems, APS simultaneously plans and schedules production based on available materials, labor and plant capacity. APS has commonly been applied where one or more of the following conditions are present:

• Make-To-Order (as distinct from make-to-stock) manufacturing
• capital-intensive production processes, where plant capacity is constrained
• products 'competing' for plant capacity: where many different products are produced in each facility
• Products that require a large number of components or manufacturing tasks
• production necessitates frequent schedule changes which cannot be predicted before the event

Advanced Planning & Scheduling software enables manufacturing scheduling and advanced scheduling optimization within these environments.

Cost Accounting Management

Cost accounting information is commonly used in financial accounting information, but first we are concentrating in its use by managers to take decisions. This is to calculate everything on the company the products and their transaction of the capital between the costs. It can be important sources of information for the managers of a company. For this reason, the managers understand the forces and weaknesses of the cost accounting systems, and participate in the evaluation and evolution of the cost measurement and administration systems. Unlike the accounting systems that help in the preparation of financial reports periodically, the cost accounting systems and reports are not subject to rules and standards like the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. As a result, there is a wide variety in the cost accounting systems of the different companies and sometimes even in different parts of the same company or organization. Cost accounting is regarded as the process of collecting, analyzing, summarizing and evaluating various alternative courses of action involving costs and advising the management on the most appropriate course of action based on the cost efficiency and capability of the management. Cost accounting is intended for managers, given that managers are captivating decisions only for their own organization, there is no need for the information to be similar to similar information from other organizations. Instead, the important criterion is that the information must be relevant for decisions that managers operating in a particular environment of business including strategy make. The accountants who handle the cost accounting information add value by providing good information to managers who are taking decisions. Among the better decisions, the better performance of one's organization, regardless if it is a manufacturing company, a bank, a non-profit organization, a government agency, a school club or even a business school. The cost-accounting system is the result of decisions made by managers of an organization and the environment in which they make them.

Then organizations and managers are most of the times interested in and worried for the costs. The control of the costs of the past, present and future is part of the job of all the managers in a company. In the companies that try to have profits, the control of costs affects directly to them. Knowing the costs of the products is essential for decision-making regarding price and mix assignation of products and services.

,,,,,,,,,Posted by; Tampon, Mirasol

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Distribution And Logistics Management

Distribution and Logistics Management is an overarching term that refers to numerous activities and processes such as packaging, inventory, warehousing and supply chain. Logistics Management it is used for logistics automation which helps the supply chain industry in automating the workflow as well as management of the system. Distribution and  Logistic Management will be covered including physical distribution, warehouse selection, material handling, order fulfillment, customer service,receiving, production stores, and returned goods.

Procurement Management is the process businesses use to buy resources from suppliers.  And which is focus in supply chain management. This process helps companies negotiate prices and get the best quality resources for production processes. And will help to purchase goods and services from external suppliers. And it  is designed for organizations that want to control costs and streamline their procurement practices without sacrificing control - equally suited for both centralized and de-centralized purchasing processes.

Sales Order Management involves much more than taking an order and shipping it. Today's requirements include sophisticated order management, inventory allocation, kitting, and promotional pricing. The sales order its the internal document for the company, it generated by the company. The sales order it will record the customers originating purchase order which is the external document than using the customers purchase order. 

Inventory Management is a list compiled for some formal purpose, such as the details of an estate going to probate, or the contents of a house that can provide. This process usually involves controlling the transfer in of units in order to prevent the inventory from becoming too high, or dwindling to levels that could put the operation of the company into difficulty.


MANUFACTURING SYSTEM

Manufacturing System  is the method of organizing production and labor to produce goods for use or sale. This system is for the nature and resources for the considerable variations that occurs the cross nationally levels for the manufacturing and for the wider industrial- economic growth, competitiveness and attractiveness for the foreign direct. 

Product Data Management (PDM)  is part of product life cycle management, and is primarily used by engineers.and it is the use of software or other tools to track and control data related to a particular product. The data tracked usually involves the technical specifications of the product, specifications for manufacture and development, and the types of materials that will be required to produce goods. The use of product data management allows a company to track the various costs associated with the creation and launch of a product.  

Shoop Floor Management it is a practice that allow the managing level of one company to be closely to production line in a enterprise to know that problems. Once they begin to understand how these systems work they begin doing the preliminary preparation work and process modifications necessary to economically and efficiently implement this technology.  

Quality Management (QMS) can be expressed as the organizational structure, procedures, processes and resources needed to implement quality management. Early systems emphasized predictable outcomes of an industrial product production line, using simple statistics and random sampling.

Advanced Planning Management is to support the integrated, capacity-focused and optimal planning of operations in complex global supply chains. and it is strongly related to the concept of Supply Chain Management that focuses on the system-wide optimization of production and logistics. They extend the capabilities of the widely used Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems which provide only very limited planning support.

Cost Accounting Management it helps the business to establish the cost of production/services offered by the organization and also provides  expensive information for taking various decisions and also for cost control and cost  reduction.

Posted By: Sarah Jean Icoy

DISTRIBUTION AND LOGISTICS

DISTRIBUTION AND LOGISTICS

       The distribution and logistics management is a critical company function. The professionals in this field play a key role in fulfilling the customer demands, ordering and managing inventory, controlling inbound and outbound shipments, reducing costs, saving time, and meeting company objectives. On this course will not only show you how to create and operate a logistics function, but it will also show you how to achieve success through a combination of strategies and tactics. The elements of distribution and logistics management will be covered, including physical distribution, warehouse selection, material handling, packaging, order fulfillment, customer service, inventory management, receiving, production stores, and returned goods. 

PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT

     

The procurement management is the process for the companies use to purchase the economic resources and business input from suppliers or vendors. On this  process it helps the companies to negotiate prices and get the best quality resources for production processes. Smaller businesses do not usually have a department dedicated to procurement since they have much smaller business operations. It usually, small business owners or entrepreneurs are responsible for working with vendors and suppliers to obtain the necessary goods for business operations. The larger companies are able to purchase the resources and inputs in large volume quantities; high volume purchases usually require a procurement management process.

The basic economic resources typically include the land, labor and capital. The land is the physical resource companies use when producing goods or services for consumers. Physical resources may include natural resources such as timber, wildlife, or oceanic fisheries. Companies typically use procurement management to enter contracts or other legal agreements to purchase the right or access to natural resources for their business operations. Companies may also purchase already harvested physical resources from suppliers and vendors.

SALES ORDER

The sales order its the internal document for the company, it generated by the company. The sales order it will record the customers originating purchase order which is the external document than using the customers purchase order. The sales order, being an internal document, that contains many customer purchase orders under it. In a manufacturing environment, a sales order can be converted into a work order to show that work is about to begin to manufacture, build or engineer the products the customer wants.

INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

 The Inventory management it is the process of efficiently overseeing the constant flow of units into and out of an existing inventory. This process usually involves controlling the transfer in of units in order to prevent the inventory from becoming too high, or dwindling to levels that could put the operation of the company into jeopardy. Competent inventory management also seeks to control the costs associated with the inventory, both from the perspective of the total value of the goods included and the tax burden generated by the cumulative value of the inventory.

POSTED BY: ALYSSA MARIE GABI

Distributions and Logistics

Distributions and Logistics

This is the processes of the company functions trough the critical situation. Where the provisional will play this fields to role the fulfill of the demands of the costumer, ordering and the management of the inventory, control the shipments of inbound and out bound in reducing time , and meeting of company objectives. This way we could learn to crate and operate a logistics function which is it has a Procurement Management, sales Order Management and inventory Management all of them are under the distribution and logistics function. Then it will also show how to achieve success through a combination of strategies and statics.Logistics is involves getting in the right way, the right product, in the right quantity and right quality, in the right place at the right time, for the right customer at the right cost. Early involvement in product development projects and product launch plans results in smoother logistics operations. Logistics play an important role in the coordination of the activities in the entire supply chain, product development and commercialization of the products. All elements of distribution and logistics management will be covered, including physical distribution, warehouse selection, material handling, packaging, order fulfillment, customer service, inventory management, receiving, production stores, and returned goods. The course will also address key technology issues such as enterprise resource planning, bar coding, electronic data interchange, electronic commerce (e-commerce), and distribution resource planning.

Procurement Management

The procurement management is a board of purchasing and good services for business used. It is a govern policies for the individual business set ahs a choice in term as suppliers products and methods to communicate to the suppliers. Actually in the field of business we a lot contract, deals for sake of the business to gain and success with it. Issues in procurement include;

·         identifying the needs of customers and suppliers;

·         choosing and preparing tools and processes to communicate with suppliers;

·         preparing requests for proposals and requests for quotations;

·         Setting policies for evaluating proposals, quotes and suppliers.

There is a business set procedures for calling for and evaluating proposals. On that proposal is to have the suppliers desires have the contract in the business, a lot of business are corp. which mean it the owner of the that said business is composed of mo re than one person.  There are also general trends in procurement. One of the most recent of these is green procurement, with an increasing number of businesses creating procurement policies that emphasize sourcing and purchasing goods and services that are less environmentally damaging than comparable alternatives.

B.    Sales Order Management

Today’s in our generations we a lot of business enterprises where the time comes the field of business also are moving forward. The companies are face increasingly complex ordering processes with orders consisting of component parts, customized configuration, make-to-order systems and the inclusion of services. Orders may include content or digital assets and can require products and services from sub-contractors or multiple partners... In addition, products and services may be delivered through a multiplier distribution channel, adding an additional layer of complexity to the process of fulfilling customer requirements. Sales provide a comprehensive solution that almost consolidates order information for central aggregation and management while providing for decentralized input and distributed visibility.Customer Order Management integrates with to be had Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to merge order information from sales, marketing, credit, finance, tax, customer service and approval information for efficient access and use. Each sales are related to the services of the companies depend on the deal of each partnerships of the business and make the proposal process faster and improve the excellence and accuracy of proposals we a inventory in the sales stocks to determined the products’ are demand or it sold to the consumers, or maybe it in to improved to for the desire of the consumer, and it primarily about specifying the shape and percentage of stocked goods. It is required at different locations within a facility or within many locations of a supply network to precede the regular and planned course of production and stock of materials.

  For examples of inventorying  while accountants often discuss inventory in terms of goods for sale, organizations - manufacturer, service-provider and not-for-profits- also have inventories (fixtures, furniture, supplies, etc.) that they do not intend to sell. Manufacturers', distributors', and wholesalers' inventory tends to cluster in warehouses. Retailers' inventory may exist in a warehouse or in a shop or store accessible to customers. Inventories not intended for sale to customers or to clients may be held in any premises an organization uses. Stock ties up cash and, if uncontrolled, it will be impossible to know the actual level of stocks and therefore impossible to control them.

Posted by; Tampon Mirasol

Financial Management

The Financial Management that you need to have a planning, organizing, directing and controlling the financial activities such a procurement and utilization of funds of the enterprise. And it also means applying general management principles to financial resources of the enterprise. 

The Accounts Receivable also known as debtors, this is the money owned to a business or a clients and this will be shown on the balance sheet as an asset. And it is one of the basics of operating a business for keeping up with the money that is owed by clients as well as maintaining an accurate record of money received from clients that is to be applied to the amounts they currently owe. And also to identify the aging on older accounts and work with the client to resolve any issues that may be preventing the payment of accounts that are older than standard terms of payment.

The Accounts Payable also known as creditors is the money owed by the business to its suppliers and it will be shown on the balance sheet as the liability. It is the unpaid accounts, bills or statement for goods or services by outside services, vendors or suppliers. This debt often must pay, either partially or in full, each month.

The General Ledger is a book of final entry summarizing all of a company’s financial transactions, through offsetting debit and credit accounts. And it is also a collection of the firm’s accounts. 

The Fixed Assets also known as non- current asset or as property, plant and equipment, this is the term used in accounting for the assets and the property which it will cannot be easily converted into cash. And it includes here the tangible or non-tangible assets.

The Cash Management or Treasury Management is the cash inflow and cash outflow in the bank. It is the certain services offered in primarily to larger business customers. It will be used to describe all bank accounts( such as the checking accounts) that provided in to business in a certain size, but it is more often called to used to describe the specific services such as the cash concentration, the zero balance accounting. It usually used the checks deposit slip to deposit the cash in the bank. The outflow of cash is measured by the money you pay every month to salaries, suppliers, and creditors. The inflows are the cash you receive from customers, lenders, and investors. 

Posted By: Sarah Jean Icoy

Transaction System

A transaction is a logical, atomic unit of work that contains one or more SQL statements. All Oracle transactions comply with the basic properties of a database transaction, known as ACID properties. ACID is an acronym for the following:

Atomicity - All tasks of a transaction are performed or none of them are. There are no partial transactions.

Consistency - The transaction takes the database from one consistent state to another consistent state.

Isolation - The effect of a transaction is not visible to other transactions until the transaction is committed

Durability - Changes made by committed transactions are permanent. After a transaction completes, the database ensures through its recovery mechanisms that changes from the transaction are not lost.

The transaction systems or online system is that the interactions between the user and the system. The user is the one to perform a complete business transaction through the short interactions in the response time that required for each interaction. A lot of transaction using of online system for business, each generation the technology is upgrading. Before we have transaction in business is few’ but this time and more time to comes our generation is improvement. Today’s a lot of transaction in business using online system deference companies’ used the internet to promote their products and services to serve the consumer.

Posted By: Sarah Jean Icoy

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

      The financial management means that you need to have a planning, organizing and controlling the financial activities.This three finance in the financial management it categorized according their functions in the financial management.

1. Managerial Finance- this is the branch of the finance that have the concern for the managerial significance of the finance techniques.
2. Corporate Finance- this is the type of finance dealing with monetary decisions that business enterprises make and the tools and analysis used to make these decisions.
3. Financial Management for IT Services- this is the financial management of IT assets and resources.                                                                                                                                         

The Accounts Receivable also known as debtors, this is the money owed to a business or a clients and this will be shown on the balance sheet as an asset. The accounts receivable usually use the sales ledger and it’s because a sales ledger normally it called records. It will in charge for receiving funds on behalf of a company and applying it towards their current pending balances. The collections and cashiering teams are part of the accounts receivable department.

The Accounts Payable also known as the creditors, is the money owed by the business to its suppliers and it will shown also in the balance sheet as the liability. It will record here the accounts payable sub-ledger at the time an invoice is vouchered for payment. The payable will considered as the Trade Payables, payables for the purchase of goods and it will record in the Inventory and Expense payables for the purchase of goods and services that are expensed.

      The General Ledger is the collection of the group of the accounts that supports the value items that will shown in the major financial statements and it is built by posting transactions recorded in the sales daybook and general journals daybook. The general ledger has a seven basic categories in which all accounts are grouped ASSETS, LIABILITY, OWNER’S EQUITY, REVENUE, EXPENSE, GAINS, AND LOSS. 

The Fixed Assets also known as a non- current asset or as property, plant and equipment(PP&E), this is the term used in accounting for the assets and the property which it will cannot be easily converted into the cash. And it includes here the tangible or non-tangible assets.

The Cash Management or Treasury Management is the cash inflow and cash outflow in the bank. It is the certain services offered in primarily to larger business customers. It will be used to describe all bank accounts( such as the checking accounts) that provided in to business in a certain size, but it is more often called to used to describe the specific services such as the cash concentration, the zero balance accounting. It usually used the checks deposit slip to deposit the cash in the bank. Sometimes it is called as the private banking that customers are given cash management services in the bank.

POSTED BY: ALYSSA MARIE P. GABI

Financial Management

Financial Management

 Finance is may refer to a branch of finance that concerns itself with the managerial significance of finance techniques and Corporate Finance, a type of finance dealing with monetary decisions that business enterprises make and the tools and analysis used to make these decisions Financial Management for IT Services, financial management of IT assets and resources. In financial transactions it composed of six components the account relievable, account payable, general ledger, fixed assets and the last one   is cash management.

 In account receivable is money owned the company and it is taken from the sales, products and good services to the costumer or it was credited. The in charge of receiving funds or money on behalf of a company and their current pending balances. It managing of receiving money from the costumer and the payment for their credit, called account receivable it is a collections and cashiering while the collections department seeks the debtors, and the cashiering applies the money received.

Account Payable it is money of the company owes from the vendors or the consumer from the products and services purchased on credit. This item appears when the purchaser has the dell from the company in products and services, which is they purchased the product in partial payment while the company has a balance sheet to them to monitors the balances as a currents liability with the term as they have dell, ether it long term payment or short term depend on the the purchaser if they can paid in short term possible.   

The General Ledger is the list or may consider as a journal the credit and debit. It means accounting record of business which uses in double entry and booking. All of these on the ledger the records of the company are all in here the credit and debit, trough the ledger they determined the money of the company where is it going and how much in credited. It is very important to them because of the ledger it keeps the records of all transaction the money the products and the services of the company they have.

Then the Fixed Assets A long-term tangible piece of property that a firm owns and uses in the production of its income and is not expected to be consumed or converted into cash any sooner than at least one year's time. Fixed assets are sometimes collectively referred to as "plant". Like for example the Lot is an owned property which is not easy to convert as a cash, actually when we heard a as owner of the lot is you’re have a lot of money but not because is not yet a cash, a cash that we can spent any time.

The last one is Cash management which a very important to the money holder or the one been a sign for it. The company must be careful to the money out as they spent for the uses of their business deal and transactions. It must be manage efficiently for the sake of the company's futures, it will recorded each transaction which used a cash must in detailed the is the purposed of journal, to keep away from troubles in the failed of business.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, God Is Watching You,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 

Posted by Tampon Mirasol 

TRANSACTION SYSTEMS

TRANSACTION SYSTEMS

The transaction systems or online system is that the interactions between the user and the system. The user is the one to perform a complete business transaction through the short interactions in the response time that required for each interaction. The online transaction processing (OLTP) is the transaction processing that occurs interactively and it requires: the immediate responsible time, the continuous availability of the transaction interface to the end user, the security and the data integrity. The online transactions are familiar to many people some examples like: ATM Transactions such as deposits, withdrawals, inquiries and transfers, supermarket payments with using the debit or credit cards and online banking. The transaction or online system has the many characteristics of an operating system: managing and dispatching tasks, controlling user access to data files and providing device independence.

The transaction systems is more useful today because we use this as our daily transactions like when you are the customers in the bank you can process your savings account in the bank. You can deposit and withdraw your cash in the bank. You can process your cash in the bank by using your savings account. The transaction system always use in the bank and other institutions. 

POSTED BY: ALYSSA MARIE P. GABI

Transaction System

Transaction System

In transaction system is composed of high numbers concurrent system and transactions type to be supported. Transaction if performing just like the transaction of internet which is has a lot of terminal to work and dozens and thousands of transactions in per second. Most of the transaction is performing in   short time in one second to verify each transactions of the system. 
The best sample of the transaction system which is having the high numbers the transaction will be executed. In online it needs of hundredths of terminal to perform the transaction, in one second of internet or the online system their is a case that the person access the internet in the same command or request’ so thier is possibilities’ the transaction of the internet sometimes consume a minute to access depend on the internet line high connected and it will perform efficiently.
 A lot of transaction using of online system for business, each generation the technology is upgrading. Before we have transaction in business is few’ but this time and more time to comes our generation is upgrading. Today’s a lot of transaction in business using online system deferent companies’ used the internet to promote their products and services to serve the consumer.
 Like for example the services of the Cebu pacific airlines we can able to have a schedule and reserve for ticket via online and we can pay it in online. Trough of that transaction the consumer also can able to access easily as they can any time.
 Most of the companies use the internet to have ads for their companies’ services and the product they has. How luck we are in these time that we can work also in online to have the services. 
Money Sender Company also used online like the LBC their services is used by online. These mission or transaction is critical application therefore it must continuously availability and high performance and data protection is required. Each are is work by transactions and it is in sequence to perform and work of these transactions. So far each transaction has their on way to transact it depend on the transactions has.  






.....................................................GOD BLESS US............................................................


Posted by; Tampon Mirasol

Business Cycles

An accounting cycle begins when accounting personnel create a transaction from  source document and ends with the completion of the financial reports and closing of temporary accounts in preparation for a new cycle.

The five accounting cycles and their main steps are shown below:

1. Revenue cycle

Sales orders

Cash receipts

2. Expenditure Cycle 

(Note: This cycle focuses on two separate resources; inventory and human resources and is often considered two separate cycles; purchasing and payroll/HR.)

Inventory/purchasing

Accounts payable

Payroll

Cash payments

3. Conversion Cycle (Production cycle)

Production

Cost accounting

4. Treasury Cycle

5. Fixed assets

Asset acquisition

Depreciation

Disposal

THE REVENUE CYCLE

The Revenue Cycle is the set of activities in a business which brings about the exchange of goods or services with customers for cash. Most business transactions are conducted on a credit basis. Cash is received after goods are shipped to the customer. The phases process are : the physical phase in which goods or services are transferred to the buyer; and the financial phase in which the cash is received from the buyer. The first phase is handled by te sales order processing subsystem, the latter by the cash receipts subsystem.

THE EXPENDITURE CYCLE

The expenditure cycle is a type of process that helps to define what occurs from the point that a business or consumer decides that the purchase of a given good or service is necessary to the point that the purchase is paid for in full. The number and type of steps included within the cycle will vary, based on the complexity of researching and ultimately obtaining permission to make the purchase. The process may further be complicated based on the policies and procedures that are involved in deciding when and how to tender payment for those purchases.

For many companies, the expenditure cycle begins with the granting of permission to make a particular purchase. Typically, the party wishing to make the purchase must submit what is known as a requisition form to a purchasing agent or department. If the agent reviews the requisition and finds that the requested item is within the pricing guidelines and budgetary restrictions of the company, the next step in the cycle involves the issuance of a purchase order number. At that point, the party who submitted the original request may contact the authorized vendor and place the order, carefully noting that the purchase order number assigned by the purchasing agent is to be included as part of the detail found on the invoice for the order.

CONVERSION CYCLE


A metric that expresses the length of time, in days that is takes for a company to convert resource inputs into cash flows. The cash conversion cycle attempts to measure the amount of time each net input dollar is tied up in the production and sales process before it is converted in cash through sales to customers. This metric looks at the amount of time needed to sell inventory, the amount of time needed to collect receivables and length of time the company is afforded to pay its bills without incurring penalties.


TREASURY CYCLE


Is the timing and frequency of the various maturities or treasury instruments; transactions include those related to financing the operations of the business (e.g. issuance of capital stock or long-term debt).


FIXED ASSET

Fixed assets, also known as a non-current asset or as property, plant, and equipment (PP&E), is a term used in accounting for assets and property which cannot easily be converted into cash. This can be compared with current assets such as cash or bank accounts, which are described as liquid assets. In most cases, only tangible assets are referred to as fixed.

Moreover, a fixed/non-current asset can also be defined as an asset not directly sold to a firm's consumers/end-users. As an example, a baking firm's current assets would be its inventory (in this case, flour, yeast, etc.), the value of sales owed to the firm via credit (i.e. debtors or accounts receivable), cash held in the bank, etc. Its non-current assets would be the oven used to bake bread, motor vehicles used to transport deliveries, cash registers used to handle cash payments, etc. Each aforementioned non-current asset is not sold directly to consumers.

These are items of value which the organization has bought and will use for an extended period of time; fixed assets normally include items such as land and buildings, motor vehicles, furniture, office equipment, computers, fixtures and fittings, and plant and machinery. These often receive favorable tax treatment (depreciation allowance) over short-term assets. According to International Accounting Standard (IAS) 16, Fixed Assets are assets whose future economic benefit is probable to flow into the entity, whose cost can be measured reliably.

It is pertinent to note that the cost of a fixed asset is its purchase price, including import duties and other deductible trade discounts and rebates. In addition, cost attributable to bringing and installing the asset in its needed location and the initial estimate of dismantling and removing the item if they are eventually no longer needed on the location.

The primary objective of a business entity is to make profit and increase the wealth of its owners. In the attainment of this objective it is required that the management will exercise due care and diligence in applying the basic accounting concept of “Matching Concept”. Matching concept is simply matching the expenses of a period against the revenues of the same period.

The use of assets in the generation of revenue is usually more than a year- that is long term. It is therefore obligatory that in order to accurately determine the net income or profit for a period depreciation is charged on the total value of asset that contributed to the revenue for the period in consideration and charge against the same revenue of the same period. This is essential in the prudent reporting of the net revenue for the entity in the period.

Posted by: Grace Anne Plaza Dalagan